strengths and weaknesses of china becoming a superpower

The US president was prepared to take diplomatic risks to form the Aukus pact. And in the Philippines, Indonesia, India and South Korea, nearly equal numbers have confidence in North Korean leader Kim Jong Un as in Xi. Cheap labor rates are the keystone to the Chinese economic boom. Xi Jinping wears a number of hats. For example, only 42% of Lebanese say current economic relations with the U.S. are good, compared with 82% who say the same of China. The last time we had this type of statist versus the anti-statist [competition] was during the first Cold War between the Soviet Union and the U.S. And, when it comes to developed countries, views of China are much more mixed to negative. China's economic system, especially as recently hardened under Premier Xi Jinping, has three salient characteristics: The first is how Beijing controls every major aspect of economic development. And then the I stands for the nature of innovation itself. China's strength Long-term plans set by the Chinese government have included aggressive targets for economic growth, innovation, and sustainability. Subscribe to Talking Policy on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Soundcloud, or wherever you get your podcasts. 5. 2.Defence Power-China is the third largest defence power in the world. Sarnata Reynolds, Zefitret Abera Molla, Grace Oyenubi, Nicole Prchal Svajlenka, 2 More But Ill try to squeeze it into a minute or so. Previously, Chinese firms tended to avoid domestic Chinese technologies, preferring to buy the bestwhich was usually American. Soon after, Xi inspected Fujian province, across the strait from Taiwan. Ever since he came to power in 2012, at the 18th Party Congress, hes been very much a hands-on leader. But that will never get us to the front. Views of the balance of power between U.S. and China, More countries see U.S. as a top ally than China, Most say economic relations with the U.S. and with China are positive, International views of China vary greatly, colored by economic attitudes, Regional spotlight: Asia-Pacific stands out for more negative attitudes toward China, its role, 1. China can already look at the world on an equal level, Xi told the annual legislative sessions in Beijing in early March, a remark widely interpreted in Chinese media as a declaration by the president that China no longer sees the US as a superior force. Copyright 2023 Regents of the University of California. And its up for grabs [who will prevail]. Todays increasingly potent rivalry between the U.S. and China spans many domains, but is particularly acute in the techno-security sphere. Just 29% have confidence in him to do what is right, which falls far short of the ratings for Japans Shinzo or Indias Narendra Modi. Russia relies heavily on energy exports and . In recent years, Hollywood movies have been filmed in China, though this has mostly ended with Covid-19. Which countries are included and which are excluded? In the 21st century, no force has seemed capable of halting China's incredible economic growth, propelled by a population of 1.4 billion. At the same time, China's flourishing middle and upper classes form the world's largest market for cars, smartphones, and other expensive goods. By investing heavily in its own innovation engine, China estimates it can reduce its reliance on foreign technology to less than 30 percent in 2020. } People generally see Chinas growing economy as a good thing for their country and believe China is having a predominantly positive influence on their countrys economic affairs. Later lockdowns, such as that in Shanghai in 2022, demonstrated the formidable power of the CPC to completely control human activity. Hollywood movies have all references to Taiwan as an independent country, and numerous other sensitive topics, censored. In times of uncertainty, good decisions demand good data. And so, in the last 20 years, especially under Xi Jinping, science, technology, and innovation has become a critical element. China Strengths 2nd largest GDP (2016) Powerful manufacturing economy Growing military power and technology Weaknesses Ageing population Generally speaking, saying that China is the worlds leading economic power, that Chinas growing economy is good for ones own country, that current bilateral economic relations with the superpower are in good shape or that Chinas economic influence is good for ones country is associated with more positive views toward China, holding other factors constant. He has the time to think and to impose his vision of what he wants for Chinaand he has a vision, he has a strategic vision. There are going to be a lot of twists and turns. Numerous Soviet-made fighter aircraft defected during the Cold War . A median of 45% say they lack confidence in him when it comes to world affairs, compared with a median of 29% who say they trust him to do the right thing. Decolonization led to overlapping claims based on conflicting maritime laws and the various traditions and customs of newly independent countries in the region, and their fishing fleets. Will competition with the West drive China to global dominance? President Barack Obamas State of the Union address centered on improving U.S. innovation and competitiveness. China, by various measures, has some of the worlds fastest supercomputers. Or is it an absorptive approach to innovation? China cannot afford to lose control over the South China Sea. Second line of defence: Taiwans civilians train to resist invasion, Xis army: from hiding and biding to building Chinas dream, Japan urges Europe to speak out against Chinas military expansion, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Joe Biden and Xi Jinping. Across many of the Latin American as well as Middle East and North African countries surveyed, more name the U.S. as a top threat than say the same of China. Among a subset of 15 countries that were asked questions about global economic engagement in general and Chinese investment in particular, statistical modeling results indicate that views of China are related to these economic attitudes (for a more detailed explanation, see Appendix). Control of Tibet is key in this respect since the plateau is the birthplace of the Yangtze and other rivers that China relies on. Towards the end, there was stagnation, a lack of leadership, and a loss of direction. China's Military Strength The 7th and last aspect of China's emerging superpower status is its military strength, and this is arguably the most important. However, China has major weaknesses that neither Xi nor the U.S. security establishment want to highlight. The stark strategic frame through which Doshi and other Biden policy analysts view Chinas intentions is shared by key military commanders. By investing heavily in its own innovation. He has his hand in a lot of different pies: political, security, foreign policy, to a lesser extent the economic side, which means hes overextended. Water consumption is another problem- in Beijing alone, demand exceeded supply by 70% in 2012. As of 2015 manufacturing industrial sectors contribute to 40% of china's GDP. While China has endeavoured to lower its coal consumption and automobile emissions, two factors driving these figures, it is having difficulty doing so without damaging its economic growth. "China's economic conditions." Congressional Research Service: The Library of Congress]. Each country in the region also prefers strong economic ties with the U.S. (a median of 64%) rather than China (26%) and often by a wide margin. You absorb what is out there in the rest of the worldyou build upon the ideas and the strengths of the global technology system. This is due to China's direct access to reserves in Africa, where in recent years they have gained mineral rights in many countries. Sign Up China has the world's largest army of 2.8 million active troops and 2nd highest military budget after the US. China's power is rising, yes. .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. 1 - Pudong, Shanghai, symbol of China's emerging economic might. China's strategic position gives it access to the sea and global trade routes to Europe and the Americas, as well as maritime borders with many other nations. For example, in the Asia-Pacific region, more tend to see investment from China as a potential liability, giving Beijing too much influence over their economies. The Global Times predicted that Afghanistan showed that in the event of a war in the strait, Taiwans defence would collapse in hours and the US military will not come to help. And it will continue to do that. Davidson has since expanded on his view about the imminence of the threat to Taiwan. China's low cost of labour means it is a favoured location for international companies to locate, and its cheap goods have flooded the world. A Chicago Council poll in August found only 46% favoured explicitly committing to defend Taiwan if China invaded, even if a far larger number 69% supported US recognition of Taiwan. The political rhetoric of both the U.S. and China make the ability to find common ground much, much harder. How has China been able to exercise its power in its neighbouring regions? By relying on foreign sources for food and being unable to feed itself. When it comes to whether the U.S. or China is having a positive or negative influence on each countrys economic conditions, though, publics on balance are somewhat more approving of Chinas impact. Some of the things discussed here may have been briefly touched upon in the previous PEST analysis of Brazil. What is AMNC, the World Economic Forum's meeting in China? Mao Zedong served from 1949 until he passed away in 1976. The Chinese model has been able to mitigate some of these weaknesses, and it has a lot more strengths. U.S. is seen as a top ally in many countries but others view it as a threat. Also, there hasnt been a lot of focus on this, but what is the nature of the domestic system in Russia that supports that kind of war or doesnt support that kind of war? The South China Sea gives China access to the Straits of Molucca by Singapore, through which trade to much of the rest of the world moves. All these imports are either illegal and accessed via Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), or heavily censored. Chinas approach is also top-down, and theres not very much competition. In this techno-security realm, the Chinese model is a state-led, top-down approach where the state plays a very, very significant dominant role. Its northwestern province, Xinjiang, is rich in natural resources. Energy is needed to power all this growth, so coal and the pollution it brings is a major contaminant. The Chinese delegation led by Yang Jiechi, centre, speak with their US counterparts at the opening session of US-China talks in Anchorage in March. It moved away from mines and missiles, and invested in aircraft carriers and amphibious vehicles. It is a model that has generated a broader and deeper science base than any comparably sized nation, as . By the end of the 1970s, [China was] trying to try to move away from this isolation, this sense of being threatened. The main issue for China is trying to keep its distance from Russia, but theres a lot of concern about what is going to happen with Taiwan, whats going to happen with other areas of potential conflict, and whats going to happen in terms of the nature of the Chinese state in thinking about issues of war and peace. This depth of concern with Chinas growth is mirrored in the relative primacy these countries place on their relations with the United States. However, the country is also drowning in crime, political instability, and corruption. What type of resources do South Korea, Japan, and the US supply to China? China has a fairly sound political system. I have been a restaurant server, a tutor, and a health aide in the past decade, all jobs that require plenty of energy and endurance. In fact, in every country surveyed, more name the U.S. than China though opinion is relatively divided in several countries. From the December 2016 issue: China's great leap backward China's language and behavior is assertive and provocative, for sure. And the model for Chinas technological advancement over the last few decades has been what we would define as absorption based. Everything you need for your studies in one place. China's economic performance over the past few decades has put China in a position where it now accounts for one-third of global economic growth, twice as much as America. Roughly half or more in each Asia-Pacific nation surveyed say Chinese investment is a bad thing because it gives China too much influence, ranging from 48% of Indonesians to 75% of Japanese. On March 3, Ryan Haas published an article in Foreign Affairs cautioning analysts and policymakers against adopting an exclusively alarmist attitude toward China. A third argument believes China is really motivated by domestic security. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. In each country in the region, more name the U.S. as their most dependable ally than any other country in an open-ended question, including around two-thirds or more in Japan (63%), the Philippines (64%) and South Korea (71%). The COVID-19 pandemic led to the pioneering of 'lockdowns,' including the 60 million people in Hunan province, where the disease originated. If Chinese companies have the best phones or technology, we wont be able to access that. Two plausible scenarios are a confrontation between ships of different nations in the China Sea and a skirmish on the border between China and India. Eventually, a nation of single children attended by two parents and four grandparents is becoming a reality, making the country a demographic time-bomb. What are the systemic strengths and vulnerabilities of China's defense industrial base? The large-scale growth of China's economy has attracted attention from businesses and investors worldwide [Morrison (2006). Strong directives from Chinas central government have resulted in a number of highly impressive technological achievements. First and foremost is LNG. Is it original? Migrant workers sent home almost $800 billion in 2022. Neither side is backing down, and the use of nuclear weapons is now openly mentioned by high-level politicians on both sides. Also, the nature of the Chinese system is that theres not very much transparency. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. WillChina overtake the U.S. and become the dominant global techno-security power? Before he took up his post he completed his now-published analysis The Long Game: Chinas Grand Strategy to Displace the American Order. Our nations strong universities are nexuses for innovation and the exchange of ideas, with the high standards of scientific integrity essential to the creation of new, cutting-edge products and services. A Chicago Council poll in August found only 46% favoured explicitly committing to defend Taiwan if China invaded, even if a far larger number 69% supported US recognition of Taiwan. Which maritime region has China controversially claimed and largely taken control of? By that same year, the government expects 15 percent of its energy to come from renewable sourcesfar outpacing the United States. But since the mid-2010s, especially in the former Trump administration, the 2017 National Security Strategy and the subsequent U.S. national defense strategy highlighted the importance of great power competition, [and said] that China was the paramount long-term threat for the U.S. And the competition was in this techno security space, its military modernization, Chinas technological advancement, Chinas economic strengths, etc. China's strict control of cultural expression has resulted in few cultural 'soft power' exports - China, instead, has been an importer of culture from countries that have freedom of expression, particularly Japan, South Korea, and the US. A restaurant owner watches after Hu Jintao was named general secretary of Chinas Communist party in 2002. The third characteristic, M, is mobilization. Once theyve decided what they want to do, they can mobilize the system in a way that the anti-statist approach cannot. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. It militarised islands in the South China Sea. This problem is recognized by CCP leaders. People who name the U.S. as the worlds leading economy are more likely to prefer strong economic ties with the U.S., and the opposite is true when it comes to China. Adm John Aquilino at a Senate armed services committee hearing in March. China wants to be an original innovator like the US and advanced countries are. Speaking to the Senate armed services committee in March, Adm Philip Davidson, at the time heading the US Indo-Pacific Command, put a stark timeframe on a potential invasion, saying: I think the threat is manifest during this decade in fact, in the next six years., He added: I worry that theyre accelerating their ambitions to supplant the United States and our leadership role in the rules-based international order, which theyve long said that they want to do by 2050. Will China Become the Worlds Technology and Security Superpower? The Chinese government is exploiting our country's free and open society to develop and maintain a strategic edge. 9500 Gilman Drive #0518 This is good news for the economies of countries that export to China, though it also creates additional strains. Image:REUTERS/Carlos Barria. July 26, 2022 Being detail oriented. China is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of aluminium, gold, iron, magnesium, and other metals, including rare earths. But there are also a lot of major weaknesses. Tracts predicting conflict with China have been pouring out for decades. The book is focused on the techno-security domain, strategic capabilities in the national security realm as opposed to the commercial marketplace. China's main strength in terms of resource access may be its growing alliance with Russia, a country also now at odds with the West, with boundless reserves of minerals as well as timber and other products. China's incredible economic growth has led to an enormous middle class of educated and prosperous consumers. What matters most to Chinese leadership is that it wants a world that is safe for Chinese authoritarianism, and as long that it is safe, they do not have much ambition beyond that.. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. One reason supporting the notion that China will be a benign superpower is the amorality of its current foreign policy. Views of Chinese President Xi Jinping are, on balance, negative across the 34 countries surveyed. "When they get better at innovation . And even when instances of scientific misconduct are exposed, the government agencies responsible for dispersing grant money are given little incentive to pursue or punish such allegations. Doshi detected three strategies, each based on evolving perceptions of the American threat. One of China's major tech triumphs in recent years has been in renewable power . China has recently become the largest CO2 emitter in the world, producing at least 27% of global emissions. But technologically, China was still struggling. The core conflicts are the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) around these areas, not just for fishing rights but also for the extraction of natural resources. The global order is once again at stake because of unprecedented geopolitical and technological shifts. And, when it comes to alliances, many more name the U.S. as the top country their nation can rely on than China. And the Chinese have done very well. And often the state doesnt do a very good job. Jones is Labour's go-to on tech policy. Why cannot China relinquish its hold on the Uighurs in Xinjiang? By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. is seen as a top ally in many countries but others view it as a threat.). , an advocacy organization dedicated to improving the lives of all Americans. So China is front and center now. I think what well then be moving into is a period in which China will be looking at its options to leverage Taiwan back into a form of a political union with China by the time we get to the late 2020s and into the 2030s, Rudd said recently on CNBC. What are the seven main ways that China gains power? Most also prioritize relations with the United States though this opinion is colored by perceptions of which economy is stronger. Throughout the report, data is reported for all countries where the question was asked, so any differences in the number of countries presented in a given section stems from some publics not being asked certain questions. So thats why going forward its not clear [who will come out ahead]. Since then whole libraries have been filled discussing this theme, including one by Ian Easton mapping how the invasion would pan out hour by hour. China was able to catch up economically; by the beginning of the 21st century, China was the second largest economy in the world, second to the U.S. And hes made it clear that he is also ruthless. China may be on the way to superpower status by virtue of its physical size and geographic position, economic power and influence, political factors, access to natural resources, and military might. The U.S. has an anti-statist model, with more balance, if not a competition, between the state and the markets. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Its middle-class population grew, according to official figures, from 39 million in 2000 to 700 million in 2020, though many of these are at the bottom end, having been reclassified as 'middle class' from poverty by a change in the way that the CPC measures poverty. South Korea and Indonesia stand out as two countries in which fewer today see benefits from Chinas growing economy than said the same five years ago. We wont have the ability like we did in the 1990s or 2000s to get the best products from around the world. Raindrops hang on a sign for Wall Street outside the New York Stock Exchange in Manhattan in New York City, New York, U.S., October 26, 2020. China has emerged as a global economic superpower in recent decades. Communication skills. In sum, China has real strengths and real weaknesses that must be considered when developing a global strategy for China. Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. With locales not being held sufficiently accountable to meet national standards, progress tends to occur in fits and starts and is not experienced uniformly throughout the country. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the three development theories in explaining which countries become powerful and which do not The Dependency Theory (by AG Frank) established the theory that developed countries keeping developing countries in a statue of under-development by controlling terms of trade. More still name the U.S. as the foremost economic power than say the same of China. The key debate . But by and large, China still remains half a generation to a generation behind where the country leaders are. University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. Because European respondents were already being asked so many region-specific questions, we did not ask them the entire suite of questions about China and the global balance of power that were asked in other regions.

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