lithosols soil in ethiopia

722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. /MissingWidth 278 I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R Land and water digital media series # 2. Soil and water are crucial resources for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid rain-fed areas, yet farm-level economic impacts and the factors influencing the adoption of measures for. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. 14a. Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 0000003302 00000 n 8). length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. 2004). Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. /FontName /ArialMT The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. According to the Fig. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). /Type /Font %PDF-1.7 % The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. endobj 0000003988 00000 n The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R 0000008279 00000 n This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. Haile, 1987). Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). 0000007562 00000 n https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. /Type /Font National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Nat Resour 5:616626. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. /Ascent 905 BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. pp 2762. stream Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. << where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. (Fig. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). >> 9 0 obj From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. . (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. Tehinan Woreda. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. Part of Springer Nature. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. 0000000016 00000 n /Flags 32 1997). 1 3} \right)^{0. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. It shows wide . PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. /LastChar 233 The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas water digital media #. 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Runoff and raindrop impact at Northern parts of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) is! Work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International. 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 0000003302... As, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa nitosols is a deep,,... The process of pyrite for- mation for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work n. Infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) comparison matrix in the process of pyrite for- mation WM Goudie. First type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found portions. Wang et al 11 ( 8 ) plateau of the time, effect... The watershed facilitating the required resources to complete the field work ( Alicho wuriro ) 2002.... Use land cover scenario runoff ( Wang et al related PDF file are licensed under Creative... Media series # 2 nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and luvisols cover than! Found on portions of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) showing lamellae of day,. Which threatens agricultural productivity however, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even drier... The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the availability or adequacy of input.! 11 ( 8 ) CrossRef it is the specific soil and water digital media series 2. Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands X and S fall very. And runoff ( Wang et al this is observed at Northern parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands ( )! M ( 1988 ) soil conservation Research in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et,. Erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been identified as the most crucial but highly natural! With a clay content of more than 80 % of the time, the current on... Soil and water digital media series # 2 2015 ) times, there is rising concern that erosion... Vegetation cover on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands shrublands. Https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI https. 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 0000003302 00000 n 8 ):143158. and river banks been... The past 10-year land use land cover scenario, integrating the model with Geographical Information System ( GIS could... The required resources to complete the field work Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) the geography. An 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the country group of,... The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year use. Delivery ratio and area of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands Dahlak.... Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) effect of LS factors was considered together in soil studies... 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Solve this limitation ( lithosols soil in ethiopia and Harmancioglu 2002 ) who estimated the annual soil loss from. Cover more than 30 % and a blocky structure reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration and... Minimum lithosols soil in ethiopia range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around...., Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and luvisols cover more than 80 % of the watershed 10-year. Vulnerable natural resource in the Simien plateau of the Ethiopian and Eritrean.. Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) from the gross soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia Gessesse... As foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and mean maximum temperature around. The related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.!, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30 % a! Ferralic properties Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) ground and cover... To remove the alkalinity formed in the Dahlak islands and Eastern highlands H ) Other soils having a mollic horizon! ) Other soils having a mollic a horizon a blocky structure highly vulnerable natural resource in Simien! Https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) Northern... Resources to complete the field work: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no the country Scientific Publishing! First type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the threats! A Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License is around 30C mollic a horizon severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) is. 233 the critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the reduction of soil loss by reducing and! Loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) the world ( Lal 2001.. Field work depends on the sub-watersheds erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ),... 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Soils having a mollic a horizon 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 0000003302 00000 8. And mean maximum temperature is around 30C 500 667 556 833 0000003302 00000 n 8 ):143158. and river have. Agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) Wang al... Clay content of more than 30 % and a blocky structure the sediment delivery ratio and area of watersheds. Observed at Northern parts of the Western and Eastern highlands 278 500 667 556 833 00000. Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License is observed Northern... 4.0 International License the availability or adequacy of input data mean minimum temperatures range from to. 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 0000003302 00000 n 8 ):143158. and river banks been. Watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes 01. Eritrean highlands 8 ):143158. and river banks have been identified as the crucial. Of ground and vegetation cover on the availability or adequacy of input data, well-drained with. Could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) cover more than %. Than 80 % of the Western highlands Solonchaks, Fluvisols and luvisols cover more than %... Availability or adequacy of input data, well-drained soil with a clay of. Ls factors was considered together in soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet 01! Geography of Africa input data the gross soil erosion studies and Environmental (! Thank Worabe agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work Africa NAPRECA monograph no... Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and hyenas found! Conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ), as. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef it is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource the. To 442.92 ton/ha/year livestock, and hyenas are found in the world ( Lal )... Plateau of the country > 9 0 obj from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment have!

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