rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. In a.d. 711 twelve thousand Moors, led by Triq ibn Ziyd (died c. 720), crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. Her The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) A: Francia . But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. In the meantime, Santa Cruz died and Philip replaced him with the inexperienced Alonso Prez de Guzmn (c. 15501619), duke of Medina-Sidonia. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. Not even his genius, however, could win for Henry the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. The tide changed, however, when Philip formed an alliance with the French. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. Children, slaves, and "good Christians" (those people who had sincerely converted to Christianity) numbering in the tens of thousands were allowed to remain in the country. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. Indeed, it seemed to many Europeans that "God had turned into a Spaniard" by 1584. Royal Family of Denmark. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. A: Red battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. About one hundred thousand fled to Portugal, but they were soon driven out because Portugal had entered into an alliance with Spain. continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. the emperor's wishes. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Anne came to England and married Henry in 1540, but the king found her unattractive. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. to Europeans. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. James was married to Anne of Denmark. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. By this time the French were also consumed by a nationalistic spirit. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. They had the support and advice of Isabella's priest, Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros (14361517), and Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba (14531515), the foremost military leader of his day. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. A: Greek . The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. Cromwell was eager to form an alliance against Charles V by joining England with one of the Protestant states in Germany. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. In the years after that, they were even better. Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. They had arrived on the peninsula by a.d. 300, becoming both urban and rural dwellers. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). The conflic, Catherine de' Medici Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. The conquest of the American natives by Spanish conquistadors happened within a few decades. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. The following year Charles retired to a monastery and Philip became king of Spain. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. He was supported by leaders in the commercial towns, who regarded the king as their natural ally. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. According to the map, Italy in the early 19th century was. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and Hungary, and ruled the eponymous Carolingian Empire (800-887), the largest European political entity to exist until the 19th century. At first all went well for Francis. Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. He returned about a year later with the news that he had discovered the Indies. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. In 1540, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern.... 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